Option 1: Arctic Security Diplomacy
The most moderate approach would be to strengthen security diplomacy in the Arctic region.
NATO and the EU could negotiate an agreement with the United States to enhance security arrangements in Greenland without altering its sovereign status.
Such diplomatic efforts are reportedly already underway. U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio is scheduled to meet representatives from Denmark and Greenland on Wednesday (January 14, 2026).
At the same time, Denmark’s ambassador to the U.S., Jesper Møller Sørensen, along with Greenland’s envoy, Jacob Isbosethsen, are lobbying the U.S. Congress in search of a political solution to Trump’s fixation.
NATO could also address Trump’s concerns—widely seen as exaggerated—about Russian and Chinese activity in Greenland by reinforcing its defense posture and expanding military operations in the region.
This would undercut the “national security” justification Trump has used to legitimize his ambitions.
Option 2: Economic Pressure and Sanctions
The European Union possesses significant economic leverage. With a market of roughly 450 million people, Europe has the theoretical capacity to exert serious pressure on the U.S. economy.
In theory, sanctions could include restricting U.S. military bases in Europe, limiting purchases of U.S. government bonds, or deploying the EU’s so-called “anti-coercion instrument,” often described as a trade bazooka.
This mechanism would allow the European Commission to halt U.S. imports, impose tariffs, revoke intellectual property rights, and block American investments.
In practice, however, such measures would be extremely difficult to implement. Trade restrictions require unanimous approval from all EU member states.
Moreover, Europe’s dependence on U.S. technology companies presents a major obstacle.
“When it comes to data protection, artificial intelligence, and software updates—including those used in defense—Europe still relies on America’s goodwill,” said former senior UN official Jean-Marie Guéhenno.
Option 3: Increasing EU Investment in Greenland
